Studies of plant communities, populations or individual speciesДЄre accepted, as well as studies of the interactions between plants and animals,ДЇungi or bacteria, providing they focus on the ecology of the plants. Of the ecology of plants (including algae), in both aquatic and terrestrialД®cosystems. Journal of Ecology publishes original research papers on all aspects There is a consensus among models that climate change will allow its northward and uphill spread in Europe. artemisiifolia causes substantial crop-yield losses and its copious, highly allergenic pollen creates considerable public health problems. In heavily infested regions of Europe, A. This species appears to have the capacity to substantially reduce growth and seed production of A. Recently, the North American ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) has been detected in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. Since World War II, it has become widespread in temperate regions of Europe and is now abundant in open, disturbed habitats as a ruderal and agricultural weed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia was introduced into Europe with seed imports from North America in the 19th century. It has a preference for dry soils of intermediate to rich nutrient level. Late spring frosts kill seedlings and the first autumn frosts terminate the growing season.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is sensitive to freezing. In temperate European climates, male and female flowers are produced from summer to early autumn (July to October). Following seedling emergence in spring, the rate of vegetative growth depends on temperature, but development occurs over a wide thermal range. Seeds require prolonged chilling to break dormancy. Spike-like racemes of male capitula composed of staminate (male) florets terminate the stems, while cyme-like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are arranged in groups in the axils of main and lateral stem leaves. It has erect, branched stems and pinnately lobed leaves. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, annual herb native to North America whose height varies from 10 cm to 2.5 m, according to environmental conditions. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, and history, conservation, impacts and management. (Common ragweed) that are relevant to understanding its ecology. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Distribution cyme laval